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- BUSINESS, Page 68Bright Hopes for the Blue Flame
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- With oil so dear, natural gas heats up as a clean substitute
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- By RICHARD WOODBURY/HOUSTON -- With reporting by Elaine
- Shannon/ Washington and Dennis Wyss/San Francisco
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- Imagine a fuel that is clean burning, easy to produce and
- sells for far less than petroleum. The U.S. has a generous
- supply of just such a fuel: natural gas, also known as methane.
- Neglected during the 1980s because of abundant supplies of
- cheap crude, gas has suddenly become an attractive alternative
- again. With the Middle East crisis pushing petroleum prices to
- $30 per bbl., energy experts and environmentalists have begun
- urging greater development of natural gas to wean the U.S. from
- its heavy dependency on crude oil.
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- The U.S. has enough natural gas in the ground to last 60
- years at the current rate of consumption. Right now the fuel
- supplies about 24% of daily U.S. energy use, vs. 42% for
- petroleum products. Only a modest increase in gas production
- would be needed to replace the 750,000 bbl. a day of
- interrupted oil supply from Iraq and Kuwait. Gas already has
- many applications: heating, cooking and generating electricity.
- But energy experts are working on new ways in which the fuel
- could replace oil and gasoline, most notably in powering
- vehicles. Predicts Michel Halbouty, a Houston wildcatter: "Gas
- will be the nation's key energy supplier. We have lots of it,
- and there's a load more to be found."
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- Sometimes discovered in conjunction with crude, natural gas
- -- a colorless mixture of methane and other hydrocarbons -- was
- long considered worthless and burned off at the wellhead. In
- the postwar years, its price was so tightly regulated by the
- Federal Government that producers were discouraged from
- searching for the fuel. After prices were deregulated in the
- 1980s, the low cost of petroleum helped keep gas prices
- depressed. Wholesale natural gas sells for about $1.50 per
- 1,000 cu. ft., the equivalent of $9 per bbl. for oil. Observes
- T. Boone Pickens, a major oil-and-gas producer: "At that price,
- there's no way that exploration will ever start again."
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- Now a combination of environmental concerns and escalating
- oil prices is heating up interest. The biggest problem will be
- getting the fuel to market. With natural-gas demand up 16% from
- 1986 to 1989, the 1.2 million-mile network of pipelines that
- haul gas from the fields to users is inadequate. Much of the
- current system is geared to serving old Rust Belt users, while
- the greatest need for increased supply is on the East and West
- coasts. But construction plans have been stalled by
- environmental opposition -- ironic considering the good safety
- record of the transmission companies -- as well as the lumbering
- federal bureaucracy. Complains Theodore Eck, chief economist
- of Amoco, owner of the largest U.S. natural-gas reserves: "The
- endless hearings and harassment and bureaucratic red tape are
- excessive."
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- The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which oversees the
- industry, is pondering proposals for 35 major construction
- projects. According to industry estimates, these pipelines
- could displace about 900,000 bbl. of oil a day. Most bitterly
- debated is the Iroquois pipeline, a 370-mile-long conduit that
- would bring Canadian gas to six Northeastern states. A
- coalition of environmentalists, heating-oil dealers and U.S.
- gas producers is fighting the project. But last week an
- administrative-law judge supported FERC's preliminary approval
- of the pipeline.
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- Gas demand could escalate rapidly in the next decade,
- especially in areas of heavy pollution. "Natural gas has the
- lowest carbon dioxide emissions of any of the fossil fuels,"
- notes James MacKenzie, a senior associate at the World
- Resources Institute, an environmental group. More natural gas
- could be used for electrical generation, mainly to replace
- coal. "Power plants can switch fuels and cut their emissions of
- sulfur instantly with relatively inexpensive changes in
- equipment," says MacKenzie. The most untapped market is
- transportation. More than 30,000 cars and trucks in the U.S.
- run on natural gas, and automakers have shown increasing
- interest in the technology. Last week General Motors and
- Tecogen Inc. of Waltham, Mass., unveiled a natural-gas-powered
- school bus. The GMC truck division plans to build 1,000
- natural-gas-fired pickup trucks to be marketed in Texas,
- California and Colorado early next year.
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- As oil becomes more expensive, the most alluring aspect of
- natural gas will be its relatively low price. For heating
- purposes, gas currently costs about $5.50 per million BTUs, vs.
- $9 for oil. For powering vehicles, natural gas costs the
- equivalent of about 70 cents per gal., in contrast to the
- current $1.25 average for regular unleaded gasoline. If the
- current enthusiasm for natural gas leads to better delivery of
- the fuel and a wider array of uses, once neglected methane
- could be a popular fuel of the future.
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- TREASURE BELOW
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- [Largest estimated natural gas reserves, in trillions of cubic
- feet.]
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- - U.S.S.R. 1,500
- - IRAN 500
- - ABU DHABI 183
- - SAUDI ARABIA 181
- - U.S. 165
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- Source: Oil & Gas Journal.
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